Baruch Spinoza is profound and insightful. He conceives the world from a geometrical standpoint, and his geometric method is demonstrative in imitation of Euclidean geometry. He believes that the same principles that govern the universe also govern the nature of things. In the universe, the conclusions of geometry necessarily follow their axioms. In the same way, the ethical and physical things follow from the nature of things. To this effect, he introduces some definitions from which he deduces a systematic structure whose parts are logically connected. Thus, he developed his theory by deductive reasoning.
His entire theory can be summed up in substance, attributes and modes. These are three parts of the universe and the fundamental structures of his entire thought. Substance is the framework of all reality. Attributes are the primary expressions of the substance, either in a bodily form or a conceptual form. The modes are the particular modifications of the substance.
This paper discusses the five interconnecting features in Spinoza's immanent ontology: substance monism, univocity of attributes, the status of modes, immanent causality and relational ethics. It argues that these interconnecting features comprehensively formulate Spinoza’s concept of substance.
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